One difference between the adjectives moral and ethical is that moral has been in the language longer. A similarity is that moral is a translation of the ancient Greek word ethikos from which the adjective ethical derives.
Both words refer to human character and behavior.
Moral entered English in the 14th century from Old French moral: “pertaining to character or temperament.” It derives from the noun moralis, from the Latin noun mos in its genitive form (moris): “one’s disposition.” The adjective ethical entered English in the 16th century with the meaning “pertaining to morality.”
Note: The plural of mos gives us the word mores: “the shared habits, manners, and customs of a community or social group.”
Greek philosopher Aristotle used ethikos as the title of a treatise on the branch of knowledge dealing with moral principles. Clearly, the two words, moral and ethical, are closely related in meaning.
In the 14th century, moral meant “morally good, conforming to moral rules.” Moral stories taught moral behavior. Everything Chaucer’s Oxford student said was “filled with moral virtue.”
The first definition of the adjective moral in the OED gives ethical as a synonym:
Moral (adjective): of or relating to human character or behavior considered as good or bad; of or relating to the distinction between right and wrong, or good and evil, in relation to the actions, desires, or character of responsible human beings; ethical.
Both words, moral and ethical, describe human behavior in reference to right and wrong. Modern usage assigns moral to behavior dictated by internal standards and ethical to behavior dictated by external standards.
Sometimes the two types of behavior coincide. For example, taking a child away from abusive parents is both moral and ethical. Sending a child back to abusive parents for legal reasons is ethical, but not moral.
1 comment:
I enjoyed hearing this back story. One way to remember the difference between the two forms in modern usage is to remember that we say things like "company ethics" or "community ethics" or "corporate ethics" to describe behavior that is expected or encouraged (or not accepted)in a particular setting.
However, it is worth noting that many people and groups speak of ethics when they claim to be speaking of morality.
Furthermore, many native speakers of English are unaware of the distinction; or only unconsciously aware of it.
[I just found your blog, have spent about an hour following links and hoping around in it — what a wonderful avocation! Thank you for producing it.]
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